Model for fracture conductivity considering particle size
Based on a fracturing remodel with an average fracture length of 120 m and a proppant concentration of 5 kg/m 2, and to better study the effect of quartz sand breakage on conductivity after mixing with ceramic proppants, the quartz sand particle breakdown ratios were set to 0.008, 0.005, and 0.002.
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What is Frac Sand? And how is it used in fracking?
Frac sand plays an important role in the process of fracturing the shale to release natural gas, oil, and natural gas liquids from pores in the rock. …
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Determination of the Thickness and Fracture Toughness of Shale …
Summary. Heterogeneously distributed micromineral aggregates (MMAs) are common in shale reservoirs. The interfaces between these MMAs and the surrounding minerals significantly affect fracture propagation behaviors during shale oil exploitation. In this paper, the concept of interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between the MMAs (e.g., …
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Key issues and explorations in shale gas fracturing
As shale has high rock mechanical brittleness, many fractures exist in a natural state and after fracturing. Theoretical calculation and field test results show that most fractures are unpropped [17, 18].If these unpropped fractures are propped, the flow capacities of most systems can be improved effectively, realizing stable high post-frac …
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Rock physics of sand-shale mixtures: Classifications, …
Shale rock fragments can even be reworked and redeposited and mixed with sands into a shaly sand with true shale fragments dispersed into the matrix. Furthermore, clay minerals such as diagenetic illite or illitization of smectite, can form interior clay particles in the pore system of the clastic rocks.
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Testing the Key Fracture Mechanical Parameters of Shale-Sand …
ABSTRACT:. Artificial specimens are created with similar materials. The fracture mechanical parameters are studied by three-point bending test and digital image method. The shale-sand interface's tensile stiffness (Ks) and fracture toughness (KIC) were tested. The research findings indicate that (1) The tensile strength and stiffness of …
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Modeling of Hydraulic Fracture Height Containment in Laminated Sand …
The results of hydraulic fracture modeling in a hydrocarbon reservoir consisting of laminated sand and shale sequences are presented. Work previously published by other authors addresses hydraulic ...
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Engineering geological characteristics and the hydraulic …
fractures during hydraulic sand fracturing; (2) when the conning pressure increases, the number of shale specimens before and after rupture is the largest, but the total number …
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Impacts of Proppant Flowback on Fracture Conductivity in …
When shale plates are used, the critical flow rate that prevents the proppant flowback was found to be 5.5 × 10 –4 –1.6 × 10 –3 m/s for the 30/50 mesh sands (around 55–340 m 3 /d for a typical horizontal well), and the retained permeability decreased from 23.33 to 22.86% due to an increase of closure stress from 21 to 30 MPa. Results ...
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ShaleSeg: Deep-learning dataset and models for practical fracture …
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), deep-learning has been used to process fracture detection and segmentation in rock CT images. 29, 30 However, these studies mainly focus on outcrop rocks and concrete samples, few studies focus on shale. 31, 32, 33 Xu et al. 34 proposed a method based on Attention Res-UNet …
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WELL CONTROL & TESTING: Walking the …
Pore pressures in the SWF zone and a second, shallow sand were extrapolated along a water gradient from the estimated intersection point between each sand's pore pressure profile and the shale pore …
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Testing the Key Fracture Mechanical Parameters of Shale-Sand …
However, due to the impact of the mechanical properties of bedding planes, the propagation of hydraulic fractures in shale-sand reservoirs can be quite complex (Gu et al., 2008). Therefore ...
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Experimental and numerical studies of reduced fracture conductivity …
The experimental study showed up to 88% reduction in fracture conductivity after water flow under 4000 psi closure stress. The conductivity loss was due to severe proppant embedment as the shale fracture face was softened after its exposure to water. Direct measurement of embedment depths indicated that for fractures that were …
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Experimental study on fracture initiation and propagation in shale …
Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2) fracturing is a promising technology for developing shale gas because it can effectively solve problems related to shale swelling and lack of water resources.This work conducted simulation experiments on SC-CO 2 fracturing in shale for the first time. Compared with hydraulic fracturing, using SC-CO 2 …
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Mechanism of fracture damage induced by fracturing fluid …
Hydraulic fracturing is usually needed to realize the economic development of shale gas reservoir due to its tight matrix [1], [2], [3].Gas wells often experience well …
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Experimental study of hydraulic fracturing for deep shale …
There is a growing interest in efficiently extracting hydrocarbon from the deep shale reserves. The stress in the underground formation can be defined by three principal stress vectors: σ V (Vertical stress), σ H (Maximum horizontal stress), and σ h (Minimum horizontal stress). Hubbert and Willis discovered that when the hydraulic …
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Staged fracturing of horizontal shale gas wells with …
Marine Paleozoic shale gas resources in the Sichuan Basin are abundant [1], [2], where reservoirs are mainly stimulated by using bridge-plug staged fracturing of horizontal wells [3], [4], in the form of casing injection.Marine Paleozoic strata experienced multi-stage and strong orogenic movements, leading to large and complex in-situ stress.
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New model to evaluate the impact of quartz sand crushing on fracture
Sensitivity analyses investigate the impact of quartz sand degree of crushing, compressive strength, particle size, particle combination ratio, and closure pressure on fracture conductivity, demonstrating the reliability of quartz sand as a substitute for ceramic proppant in deep shale applications.
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The influence of SC-CO2 on the shales' fracture
Compared to hydraulic fracturing, SC-CO 2 displays unique physical properties. Its low viscosity facilitates the creation of complex fractures in shale reservoirs [23], [24].Additionally, CO 2 has better adsorption in shale than CH 4, which effectively lowers the fracture initiation stress, forms intricate fracture networks, and enhances …
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Experimental Evaluation of Sand Porosity in Eagle Ford Shale Fractures
An experimental model of propped fracture in Eagle Ford shale was prepared using outcrop samples. ... of magnitude higher than that of 60–100 mesh quartz sand. The fracture conductivity of the ...
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Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing | Shale and Tight Sand | SLB
Extend your reach—and your oil and gas production—in tight sand and shales. Whether you need to stimulate production from a few vertical wells or a full field of horizontal multistage wells, maximize your oil and gas production potential with efficient, high-conductivity fractures that extend deep into the reservoir—but avoid detrimental frac …
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Impact of water-rock interaction on natural fractures and shale …
Because of the water-rock interaction, natural fractures of shale samples A7 and A8-1 are activated and expanded, two significant fractures can be observed on the surface of shale plug A7, and the width of natural fracture on shale sample A8 increases from 43 ± 6 μm to 48 ± 4 μm. While there is no significant change in sandstone sample A11 ...
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Modeling of Hydraulic Fracture Height Containment in Laminated Sand …
Abstract. The results of hydraulic fracture modeling in a hydrocarbon reservoir consisting of laminated sand and shale sequences are presented. Work previously published by other authors addresses hydraulic fracture growth characteristics in layered intervals, but little published information is available for growth in thin-bedded …
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Testing the key fracture mechanical parameters of shale …
fracture toughness and tensile stiffness of shale-sand bedding interfaces. The influence of specimen size on fracture parameters is investigated, and an experimental testing method for the fracture parameters of bedding planes is proposed. 2. METHODS 2.1. Experimental equipment To produce artificial specimens, the methodology
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Simulation and optimization of fracture pattern in …
The mass ratio of water, fine sand and No. 52.5 cement was 1.5:1:2. The specimen is a standard square with an edge of 300 mm. After 28 days of curing, the uniaxial compressive strength and Young's modulus of the specimen were 58 MPa and 16 GPa, respectively. ... Investigating the Propagation of Multiple Hydraulic Fractures in Shale …
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Pressure Transient Analysis for Multi …
Ozkan, E., Raghavan, R.: Modeling of fluid transfer from shale matrix to fracture network. Paper SPE 134830 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Florence, Italy, 19–22 Sepetember 2010. doi: 10.2118/134830-MS
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Development of coupled fluid-flow/geomechanics model …
Coupled fluid flow/geomechanics. In our current work, we have assumed minimal temperature variation during deep shale development, thereby neglecting its influence on stress and focusing solely on ...
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Geology and geomechanics of hydraulic fracturing in the …
The Marcellus shale play is the largest shale gas reservoir and gas producer in the United States. The annual gas production in the Marcellus shale gas play …
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Comparison of Fractured-Horizontal-Well Performance in Tight Sand …
Summary. This paper presents a discussion of fractured-horizontal-well performance in millidarcy permeability (conventional) and micro- to nanodarcy permeability (unconventional) reservoirs. It provides interpretations of the reasons to fracture horizontal wells in both types of formations. The objective of the paper is to highlight the special …
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Mechanisms of Proppant Transport in Rough Fractures of …
After hydraulic fracturing, unconventional reservoirs frequently encounter challenges related to limited effective proppant support distance and suboptimal proppant placement. Due to the strong heterogeneity of offshore reservoirs, which causes varying fracture roughnesses depending on different lithologies, a systematic study of the …
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